Endocrine System
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, the learner should be able to:
- Identify the contributions of the endocrine system to homeostasis
- Discuss the chemical composition of hormones and the mechanisms of hormone action
- Summarize the site of production, regulation, and effects of the hormones of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
- Discuss the hormonal regulation of the reproductive system
- Explain the role of the pancreatic endocrine cells in the regulation of blood glucose
- Identify the hormones released by the heart, kidneys, and other organs with secondary endocrine functions
Introduction
General Characteristics of the Endocrine System
- Along with nervous system, regulates functions of body to maintain homeostasis, and coordinates communication
- Unique system, since organs are not anatomically connected
- Major endocrine glands:
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid glands
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Pineal gland
- Thymus
- Ovaries and Testes (reproductive glands)
Locations of Major Endocrine Glands
Characteristics of the Endocrine System
Endocrine glands:
- Cells, tissues, and organs that make up the endocrine system
- Hormones act only on target cells that contain receptors for them
- “Endocrine” means “internal secretion”
- Ductless; secrete hormones directly into the body fluids
Exocrine glands:
- Glands that secrete into ducts or tubes that lead to a body surface
- Deliver their products directly to a specific site
- Secrete externally
Other cells secrete chemical messengers internally, called “local hormones (not actually hormones):
- Paracrine secretions affect nearby cells
- Autocrine secretions affect only the cells that secrete them
Summary of the Endocrine System
|
Gland/Organ |
Hormone Secreted |
Function |
|
Hypothalamus |
Releasing/Inhibiting hormones |
Stimulate Pituitary |
|
Anterior Pituitary (base of brain; controls growth and development |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
Stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids |
|
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
Stimulate the Thyroid gland |
|
|
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
Stimulates production of ova (females) and sperm (males) |
|
|
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
Stimulates Ovaries (females) and Testes (males) |
|
|
Prolactin |
Stimulates milk production |
|
|
Growth Hormone (GH) |
Stimulates growth (bones) and metabolic functions |
|
|
Posterior Pituitary (back of anterior pituitary) |
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
Promotes retention of water by the kidneys |
|
Oxytocin |
Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells |
|
|
Pineal Gland (center of brain) |
Melatonin |
Sleep cycles; biorhythms |
|
Thyroid (neck; hormones regulate growth, development, and metabolism) |
Triiodothyronine (T3) |
Metabolism |
|
Thyroxine (T4) |
Metabolism and temperature |
|
|
Calcitonin |
Inhibits release of Calcium from bones |
|
|
Parathyroid (4 glands on Thyroid) |
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
Stimulates release of calcium from bones, back into blood. |
|
Thymus (lymphoid organ that produces T-Cells) |
Thymosin |
Stimulates T-Cell Development |
|
Adrenal Glands (Above Kidneys; regulate HR, BP, and other functions) |
See below |
See below |
|
Adrenal Cortex (stimulates fight or flight response) |
Cortisol/Glucocorticoids |
Stress response; Increase blood glucose, Decrease immune response; metabolism |
|
Aldosterone |
Regulates Na content in blood |
|
|
Adrenal Medulla (stimulates fight or flight response) |
Epinephrine |
Fight |
|
Norepinephrine |
Flight |
|
|
Ovaries (female gonads) |
Estrogen |
Stimulates egg maturation, controls 2ndary sex characteristics |
|
Progesterone |
Prepares uterus to receive fertilized egg |
|
|
Testes (male gonads) |
Testosterone |
Regulates sperm production and 2ndary sex characteristics |
|
Kidneys |
Erythropoietin |
Response to cellular hypoxia |
|
Renin |
Promotes production of Angiotensin |
|
|
Liver |
Angiotensin II |
Vasoconstriction, Increase BP |
|
Pancreas |
Glucagon (Alpha Cells) |
Increase blood glucose |
|
Insulin (Beta Cells) |
Decrease blood glucose |
|
|
Stomach |
Gastrin |
Response to food; stimulates production of gastric juices |
|
Intestine |
Secretin |
Response to acidity in small intestine; stimulates secretion by liver and pancreas |
|
Cholecystokinin |
Production of Bile Salts |
|
|
Heart |
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
Increase renal Na excretion, decrease ECF |
Gastrointestinal System
|
|
Enzyme |
Production site |
Release site |
|
Carbs |
Salivary Amylase |
Salivary Glands |
Mouth |
|
Pancreatic Amylase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Maltase |
Small Intestine |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Protein |
Pepsin |
Chief Cells (gastric gland) |
Stomach |
|
Trypsin |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Peptidases |
Small Intestine |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Nucleic Acids |
Nuclease |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
Nucleosidase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Lipids |
Lipase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
Bile Salt |
Liver€Gallbladder |
Small Intestine |
*Bile is technically not an enzyme, but a salt that emulsifies lipid into fatty droplets. Chief Cells: Covert pepsinogen to pepsin
Goblet Cells: Mucus secretions Parietal Cells: HCl production
Peyer's Patches: Lymphatic Tissue found in Ileum to protect GI tract from pathogens
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Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, the learner should be able to:
- Identify the contributions of the endocrine system to homeostasis
- Discuss the chemical composition of hormones and the mechanisms of hormone action
- Summarize the site of production, regulation, and effects of the hormones of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
- Discuss the hormonal regulation of the reproductive system
- Explain the role of the pancreatic endocrine cells in the regulation of blood glucose
- Identify the hormones released by the heart, kidneys, and other organs with secondary endocrine functions
Introduction
General Characteristics of the Endocrine System
- Along with nervous system, regulates functions of body to maintain homeostasis, and coordinates communication
- Unique system, since organs are not anatomically connected
- Major endocrine glands:
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid glands
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Pineal gland
- Thymus
- Ovaries and Testes (reproductive glands)
Locations of Major Endocrine Glands
Characteristics of the Endocrine System
Endocrine glands:
- Cells, tissues, and organs that make up the endocrine system
- Hormones act only on target cells that contain receptors for them
- “Endocrine” means “internal secretion”
- Ductless; secrete hormones directly into the body fluids
Exocrine glands:
- Glands that secrete into ducts or tubes that lead to a body surface
- Deliver their products directly to a specific site
- Secrete externally
Other cells secrete chemical messengers internally, called “local hormones (not actually hormones):
- Paracrine secretions affect nearby cells
- Autocrine secretions affect only the cells that secrete them
Summary of the Endocrine System
|
Gland/Organ |
Hormone Secreted |
Function |
|
Hypothalamus |
Releasing/Inhibiting hormones |
Stimulate Pituitary |
|
Anterior Pituitary (base of brain; controls growth and development |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
Stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids |
|
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
Stimulate the Thyroid gland |
|
|
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
Stimulates production of ova (females) and sperm (males) |
|
|
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
Stimulates Ovaries (females) and Testes (males) |
|
|
Prolactin |
Stimulates milk production |
|
|
Growth Hormone (GH) |
Stimulates growth (bones) and metabolic functions |
|
|
Posterior Pituitary (back of anterior pituitary) |
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
Promotes retention of water by the kidneys |
|
Oxytocin |
Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells |
|
|
Pineal Gland (center of brain) |
Melatonin |
Sleep cycles; biorhythms |
|
Thyroid (neck; hormones regulate growth, development, and metabolism) |
Triiodothyronine (T3) |
Metabolism |
|
Thyroxine (T4) |
Metabolism and temperature |
|
|
Calcitonin |
Inhibits release of Calcium from bones |
|
|
Parathyroid (4 glands on Thyroid) |
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
Stimulates release of calcium from bones, back into blood. |
|
Thymus (lymphoid organ that produces T-Cells) |
Thymosin |
Stimulates T-Cell Development |
|
Adrenal Glands (Above Kidneys; regulate HR, BP, and other functions) |
See below |
See below |
|
Adrenal Cortex (stimulates fight or flight response) |
Cortisol/Glucocorticoids |
Stress response; Increase blood glucose, Decrease immune response; metabolism |
|
Aldosterone |
Regulates Na content in blood |
|
|
Adrenal Medulla (stimulates fight or flight response) |
Epinephrine |
Fight |
|
Norepinephrine |
Flight |
|
|
Ovaries (female gonads) |
Estrogen |
Stimulates egg maturation, controls 2ndary sex characteristics |
|
Progesterone |
Prepares uterus to receive fertilized egg |
|
|
Testes (male gonads) |
Testosterone |
Regulates sperm production and 2ndary sex characteristics |
|
Kidneys |
Erythropoietin |
Response to cellular hypoxia |
|
Renin |
Promotes production of Angiotensin |
|
|
Liver |
Angiotensin II |
Vasoconstriction, Increase BP |
|
Pancreas |
Glucagon (Alpha Cells) |
Increase blood glucose |
|
Insulin (Beta Cells) |
Decrease blood glucose |
|
|
Stomach |
Gastrin |
Response to food; stimulates production of gastric juices |
|
Intestine |
Secretin |
Response to acidity in small intestine; stimulates secretion by liver and pancreas |
|
Cholecystokinin |
Production of Bile Salts |
|
|
Heart |
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
Increase renal Na excretion, decrease ECF |
Gastrointestinal System
|
|
Enzyme |
Production site |
Release site |
|
Carbs |
Salivary Amylase |
Salivary Glands |
Mouth |
|
Pancreatic Amylase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Maltase |
Small Intestine |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Protein |
Pepsin |
Chief Cells (gastric gland) |
Stomach |
|
Trypsin |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Peptidases |
Small Intestine |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Nucleic Acids |
Nuclease |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
Nucleosidase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Lipids |
Lipase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
Bile Salt |
Liver€Gallbladder |
Small Intestine |
*Bile is technically not an enzyme, but a salt that emulsifies lipid into fatty droplets. Chief Cells: Covert pepsinogen to pepsin
Goblet Cells: Mucus secretions Parietal Cells: HCl production
Peyer's Patches: Lymphatic Tissue found in Ileum to protect GI tract from pathogens
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, the learner should be able to:
- Identify the contributions of the endocrine system to homeostasis
- Discuss the chemical composition of hormones and the mechanisms of hormone action
- Summarize the site of production, regulation, and effects of the hormones of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
- Discuss the hormonal regulation of the reproductive system
- Explain the role of the pancreatic endocrine cells in the regulation of blood glucose
- Identify the hormones released by the heart, kidneys, and other organs with secondary endocrine functions
Introduction
General Characteristics of the Endocrine System
- Along with nervous system, regulates functions of body to maintain homeostasis, and coordinates communication
- Unique system, since organs are not anatomically connected
- Major endocrine glands:
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid glands
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Pineal gland
- Thymus
- Ovaries and Testes (reproductive glands)
Locations of Major Endocrine Glands
Characteristics of the Endocrine System
Endocrine glands:
- Cells, tissues, and organs that make up the endocrine system
- Hormones act only on target cells that contain receptors for them
- “Endocrine” means “internal secretion”
- Ductless; secrete hormones directly into the body fluids
Exocrine glands:
- Glands that secrete into ducts or tubes that lead to a body surface
- Deliver their products directly to a specific site
- Secrete externally
Other cells secrete chemical messengers internally, called “local hormones (not actually hormones):
- Paracrine secretions affect nearby cells
- Autocrine secretions affect only the cells that secrete them
Summary of the Endocrine System
|
Gland/Organ |
Hormone Secreted |
Function |
|
Hypothalamus |
Releasing/Inhibiting hormones |
Stimulate Pituitary |
|
Anterior Pituitary (base of brain; controls growth and development |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
Stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids |
|
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
Stimulate the Thyroid gland |
|
|
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
Stimulates production of ova (females) and sperm (males) |
|
|
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
Stimulates Ovaries (females) and Testes (males) |
|
|
Prolactin |
Stimulates milk production |
|
|
Growth Hormone (GH) |
Stimulates growth (bones) and metabolic functions |
|
|
Posterior Pituitary (back of anterior pituitary) |
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
Promotes retention of water by the kidneys |
|
Oxytocin |
Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells |
|
|
Pineal Gland (center of brain) |
Melatonin |
Sleep cycles; biorhythms |
|
Thyroid (neck; hormones regulate growth, development, and metabolism) |
Triiodothyronine (T3) |
Metabolism |
|
Thyroxine (T4) |
Metabolism and temperature |
|
|
Calcitonin |
Inhibits release of Calcium from bones |
|
|
Parathyroid (4 glands on Thyroid) |
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
Stimulates release of calcium from bones, back into blood. |
|
Thymus (lymphoid organ that produces T-Cells) |
Thymosin |
Stimulates T-Cell Development |
|
Adrenal Glands (Above Kidneys; regulate HR, BP, and other functions) |
See below |
See below |
|
Adrenal Cortex (stimulates fight or flight response) |
Cortisol/Glucocorticoids |
Stress response; Increase blood glucose, Decrease immune response; metabolism |
|
Aldosterone |
Regulates Na content in blood |
|
|
Adrenal Medulla (stimulates fight or flight response) |
Epinephrine |
Fight |
|
Norepinephrine |
Flight |
|
|
Ovaries (female gonads) |
Estrogen |
Stimulates egg maturation, controls 2ndary sex characteristics |
|
Progesterone |
Prepares uterus to receive fertilized egg |
|
|
Testes (male gonads) |
Testosterone |
Regulates sperm production and 2ndary sex characteristics |
|
Kidneys |
Erythropoietin |
Response to cellular hypoxia |
|
Renin |
Promotes production of Angiotensin |
|
|
Liver |
Angiotensin II |
Vasoconstriction, Increase BP |
|
Pancreas |
Glucagon (Alpha Cells) |
Increase blood glucose |
|
Insulin (Beta Cells) |
Decrease blood glucose |
|
|
Stomach |
Gastrin |
Response to food; stimulates production of gastric juices |
|
Intestine |
Secretin |
Response to acidity in small intestine; stimulates secretion by liver and pancreas |
|
Cholecystokinin |
Production of Bile Salts |
|
|
Heart |
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
Increase renal Na excretion, decrease ECF |
Gastrointestinal System
|
|
Enzyme |
Production site |
Release site |
|
Carbs |
Salivary Amylase |
Salivary Glands |
Mouth |
|
Pancreatic Amylase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Maltase |
Small Intestine |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Protein |
Pepsin |
Chief Cells (gastric gland) |
Stomach |
|
Trypsin |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Peptidases |
Small Intestine |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Nucleic Acids |
Nuclease |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
Nucleosidase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Lipids |
Lipase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
Bile Salt |
Liver€Gallbladder |
Small Intestine |
*Bile is technically not an enzyme, but a salt that emulsifies lipid into fatty droplets. Chief Cells: Covert pepsinogen to pepsin
Goblet Cells: Mucus secretions Parietal Cells: HCl production
Peyer's Patches: Lymphatic Tissue found in Ileum to protect GI tract from pathogens
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, the learner should be able to:
- Identify the contributions of the endocrine system to homeostasis
- Discuss the chemical composition of hormones and the mechanisms of hormone action
- Summarize the site of production, regulation, and effects of the hormones of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
- Discuss the hormonal regulation of the reproductive system
- Explain the role of the pancreatic endocrine cells in the regulation of blood glucose
- Identify the hormones released by the heart, kidneys, and other organs with secondary endocrine functions
Introduction
General Characteristics of the Endocrine System
- Along with nervous system, regulates functions of body to maintain homeostasis, and coordinates communication
- Unique system, since organs are not anatomically connected
- Major endocrine glands:
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid glands
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Pineal gland
- Thymus
- Ovaries and Testes (reproductive glands)
Locations of Major Endocrine Glands
Characteristics of the Endocrine System
Endocrine glands:
- Cells, tissues, and organs that make up the endocrine system
- Hormones act only on target cells that contain receptors for them
- “Endocrine” means “internal secretion”
- Ductless; secrete hormones directly into the body fluids
Exocrine glands:
- Glands that secrete into ducts or tubes that lead to a body surface
- Deliver their products directly to a specific site
- Secrete externally
Other cells secrete chemical messengers internally, called “local hormones (not actually hormones):
- Paracrine secretions affect nearby cells
- Autocrine secretions affect only the cells that secrete them
Summary of the Endocrine System
|
Gland/Organ |
Hormone Secreted |
Function |
|
Hypothalamus |
Releasing/Inhibiting hormones |
Stimulate Pituitary |
|
Anterior Pituitary (base of brain; controls growth and development |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
Stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids |
|
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
Stimulate the Thyroid gland |
|
|
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
Stimulates production of ova (females) and sperm (males) |
|
|
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
Stimulates Ovaries (females) and Testes (males) |
|
|
Prolactin |
Stimulates milk production |
|
|
Growth Hormone (GH) |
Stimulates growth (bones) and metabolic functions |
|
|
Posterior Pituitary (back of anterior pituitary) |
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
Promotes retention of water by the kidneys |
|
Oxytocin |
Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells |
|
|
Pineal Gland (center of brain) |
Melatonin |
Sleep cycles; biorhythms |
|
Thyroid (neck; hormones regulate growth, development, and metabolism) |
Triiodothyronine (T3) |
Metabolism |
|
Thyroxine (T4) |
Metabolism and temperature |
|
|
Calcitonin |
Inhibits release of Calcium from bones |
|
|
Parathyroid (4 glands on Thyroid) |
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
Stimulates release of calcium from bones, back into blood. |
|
Thymus (lymphoid organ that produces T-Cells) |
Thymosin |
Stimulates T-Cell Development |
|
Adrenal Glands (Above Kidneys; regulate HR, BP, and other functions) |
See below |
See below |
|
Adrenal Cortex (stimulates fight or flight response) |
Cortisol/Glucocorticoids |
Stress response; Increase blood glucose, Decrease immune response; metabolism |
|
Aldosterone |
Regulates Na content in blood |
|
|
Adrenal Medulla (stimulates fight or flight response) |
Epinephrine |
Fight |
|
Norepinephrine |
Flight |
|
|
Ovaries (female gonads) |
Estrogen |
Stimulates egg maturation, controls 2ndary sex characteristics |
|
Progesterone |
Prepares uterus to receive fertilized egg |
|
|
Testes (male gonads) |
Testosterone |
Regulates sperm production and 2ndary sex characteristics |
|
Kidneys |
Erythropoietin |
Response to cellular hypoxia |
|
Renin |
Promotes production of Angiotensin |
|
|
Liver |
Angiotensin II |
Vasoconstriction, Increase BP |
|
Pancreas |
Glucagon (Alpha Cells) |
Increase blood glucose |
|
Insulin (Beta Cells) |
Decrease blood glucose |
|
|
Stomach |
Gastrin |
Response to food; stimulates production of gastric juices |
|
Intestine |
Secretin |
Response to acidity in small intestine; stimulates secretion by liver and pancreas |
|
Cholecystokinin |
Production of Bile Salts |
|
|
Heart |
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
Increase renal Na excretion, decrease ECF |
Gastrointestinal System
|
|
Enzyme |
Production site |
Release site |
|
Carbs |
Salivary Amylase |
Salivary Glands |
Mouth |
|
Pancreatic Amylase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Maltase |
Small Intestine |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Protein |
Pepsin |
Chief Cells (gastric gland) |
Stomach |
|
Trypsin |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Peptidases |
Small Intestine |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Nucleic Acids |
Nuclease |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
Nucleosidase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Lipids |
Lipase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
Bile Salt |
Liver€Gallbladder |
Small Intestine |
*Bile is technically not an enzyme, but a salt that emulsifies lipid into fatty droplets. Chief Cells: Covert pepsinogen to pepsin
Goblet Cells: Mucus secretions Parietal Cells: HCl production
Peyer's Patches: Lymphatic Tissue found in Ileum to protect GI tract from pathogens
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, the learner should be able to:
- Identify the contributions of the endocrine system to homeostasis
- Discuss the chemical composition of hormones and the mechanisms of hormone action
- Summarize the site of production, regulation, and effects of the hormones of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
- Discuss the hormonal regulation of the reproductive system
- Explain the role of the pancreatic endocrine cells in the regulation of blood glucose
- Identify the hormones released by the heart, kidneys, and other organs with secondary endocrine functions
Introduction
General Characteristics of the Endocrine System
- Along with nervous system, regulates functions of body to maintain homeostasis, and coordinates communication
- Unique system, since organs are not anatomically connected
- Major endocrine glands:
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid glands
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Pineal gland
- Thymus
- Ovaries and Testes (reproductive glands)
Locations of Major Endocrine Glands
Characteristics of the Endocrine System
Endocrine glands:
- Cells, tissues, and organs that make up the endocrine system
- Hormones act only on target cells that contain receptors for them
- “Endocrine” means “internal secretion”
- Ductless; secrete hormones directly into the body fluids
Exocrine glands:
- Glands that secrete into ducts or tubes that lead to a body surface
- Deliver their products directly to a specific site
- Secrete externally
Other cells secrete chemical messengers internally, called “local hormones (not actually hormones):
- Paracrine secretions affect nearby cells
- Autocrine secretions affect only the cells that secrete them
Summary of the Endocrine System
|
Gland/Organ |
Hormone Secreted |
Function |
|
Hypothalamus |
Releasing/Inhibiting hormones |
Stimulate Pituitary |
|
Anterior Pituitary (base of brain; controls growth and development |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
Stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids |
|
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
Stimulate the Thyroid gland |
|
|
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
Stimulates production of ova (females) and sperm (males) |
|
|
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
Stimulates Ovaries (females) and Testes (males) |
|
|
Prolactin |
Stimulates milk production |
|
|
Growth Hormone (GH) |
Stimulates growth (bones) and metabolic functions |
|
|
Posterior Pituitary (back of anterior pituitary) |
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
Promotes retention of water by the kidneys |
|
Oxytocin |
Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells |
|
|
Pineal Gland (center of brain) |
Melatonin |
Sleep cycles; biorhythms |
|
Thyroid (neck; hormones regulate growth, development, and metabolism) |
Triiodothyronine (T3) |
Metabolism |
|
Thyroxine (T4) |
Metabolism and temperature |
|
|
Calcitonin |
Inhibits release of Calcium from bones |
|
|
Parathyroid (4 glands on Thyroid) |
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
Stimulates release of calcium from bones, back into blood. |
|
Thymus (lymphoid organ that produces T-Cells) |
Thymosin |
Stimulates T-Cell Development |
|
Adrenal Glands (Above Kidneys; regulate HR, BP, and other functions) |
See below |
See below |
|
Adrenal Cortex (stimulates fight or flight response) |
Cortisol/Glucocorticoids |
Stress response; Increase blood glucose, Decrease immune response; metabolism |
|
Aldosterone |
Regulates Na content in blood |
|
|
Adrenal Medulla (stimulates fight or flight response) |
Epinephrine |
Fight |
|
Norepinephrine |
Flight |
|
|
Ovaries (female gonads) |
Estrogen |
Stimulates egg maturation, controls 2ndary sex characteristics |
|
Progesterone |
Prepares uterus to receive fertilized egg |
|
|
Testes (male gonads) |
Testosterone |
Regulates sperm production and 2ndary sex characteristics |
|
Kidneys |
Erythropoietin |
Response to cellular hypoxia |
|
Renin |
Promotes production of Angiotensin |
|
|
Liver |
Angiotensin II |
Vasoconstriction, Increase BP |
|
Pancreas |
Glucagon (Alpha Cells) |
Increase blood glucose |
|
Insulin (Beta Cells) |
Decrease blood glucose |
|
|
Stomach |
Gastrin |
Response to food; stimulates production of gastric juices |
|
Intestine |
Secretin |
Response to acidity in small intestine; stimulates secretion by liver and pancreas |
|
Cholecystokinin |
Production of Bile Salts |
|
|
Heart |
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
Increase renal Na excretion, decrease ECF |
Gastrointestinal System
|
|
Enzyme |
Production site |
Release site |
|
Carbs |
Salivary Amylase |
Salivary Glands |
Mouth |
|
Pancreatic Amylase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Maltase |
Small Intestine |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Protein |
Pepsin |
Chief Cells (gastric gland) |
Stomach |
|
Trypsin |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Peptidases |
Small Intestine |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Nucleic Acids |
Nuclease |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
Nucleosidase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
|
Lipids |
Lipase |
Pancreas |
Small Intestine |
|
Bile Salt |
Liver€Gallbladder |
Small Intestine |
*Bile is technically not an enzyme, but a salt that emulsifies lipid into fatty droplets. Chief Cells: Covert pepsinogen to pepsin
Goblet Cells: Mucus secretions Parietal Cells: HCl production
Peyer's Patches: Lymphatic Tissue found in Ileum to protect GI tract from pathogens
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