If A represents atomic mass and Z represents atomic number, which of the following describes an atom after a proton is emitted from its nucleus?

The correct answer is C. The digestive system is responsible for breaking down complex food molecules, including proteins, into simpler components such as amino acids that can be absorbed and utilized by the body.

The correct answer is C. A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed or transmitted by a substance in a liquid. Turbidity, caused by suspended particles, can be assessed by measuring the reduction in light transmission through the sample. The other tools listed are not specifically designed for measuring turbidity.

The correct answer is choice B. This is the plate that represents the highest number of bacteria. The bacteria that grow on this plate are the most resistant to the antibiotic because they can survive in a high concentration of the substance. In the other plates, the antibiotic inhibits the growth of the bacteria to a greater or lesser extent, depending on their sensitivity.

The pharynx is primarily composed of muscle tissue. It plays a role in swallowing and is part of both the respiratory and digestive systems, which requires coordinated muscular activity.

The correct answer is B. The phenotypic ratio of 50% green pods and 50% yellow pods indicates that the genotype of the parent with green pods is heterozygous (Gg), and the genotype of the parent with yellow pods is homozygous recessive (gg). The cross would be Gg x gg.

The correct answer is D. Mitochondria are the cellular organelles responsible for the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through the process of cellular respiration.

The correct answer is A. Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins, including histones, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It carries the hereditary information in the form of genes. ATP, plasmids, and histones are involved in cellular processes but do not carry hereditary information.

The correct answer is B. When a volcano erupts, it releases built-up pressure and gases, similar to the fizzing of a can of soda when opened. Both involve the release of pressure and trapped substances, leading to an outward expulsion of materials.

The correct answer is A. Increasing the surface area of a solid reactant by grinding it to a powder exposes more particles to the reactants, enhancing their chances of colliding and increasing the reaction rate. The other options would generally decrease the rate of the reaction.

The correct answer is B. Atoms become cations by losing electrons. Potassium has one electron in its outermost shell, and it is more likely to lose that electron to achieve a stable, cationic state. Fluorine, helium, and oxygen are more likely to gain electrons and form anions.