The nurse understands that hypospadias refers to what urinary anomaly?

The correct answer is Choice A: Surgical removal of the affected section of bowel.

Choice A rationale:

Surgical removal of the affected section of bowel is the primary therapeutic management for most children with Hirschsprung's disease. Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital condition where there is a lack of nerve cells in a segment of the colon, leading to obstruction and dilation of the bowel. Surgical resection of the affected segment and reconnection of healthy bowel portions is the standard treatment to alleviate the obstruction and restore normal bowel function.

Choice B rationale:

Daily enemas might be used in some cases to manage symptoms temporarily, but they are not the primary therapeutic management for Hirschsprung's disease. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment.

Choice C rationale:

Permanent colostomy might be considered if the affected portion of bowel is extensive and cannot be safely reconnected after resection, but it's not the primary option for most children with Hirschsprung's disease.

Choice D rationale:

A low-fiber diet is not a therapeutic management for Hirschsprung's disease. Surgical intervention is necessary to address the underlying cause of obstruction, and diet modifications alone wouldn't resolve the condition.

The correct answer is choice C. Asthma.

Choice A rationale:

A foreign body in the trachea can cause acute respiratory distress and a sudden cough, but it is unlikely to cause chronic nonproductive cough and diffuse wheezing during the expiratory phase of respiration. The symptoms in the scenario are more suggestive of a chronic condition.

Choice B rationale:

Bronchiolitis primarily affects infants and young children, causing symptoms such as fever, rhinorrhea, and wheezing. While wheezing can be present, the diffuse wheezing during the expiratory phase described in the scenario is more characteristic of asthma.

Choice C rationale:

Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways, leading to episodes of bronchoconstriction and increased airway reactivity. The chronic, nonproductive cough and diffuse wheezing during the expiratory phase are classic signs of asthma. Expiratory phase wheezing occurs due to the narrowing of the smaller airways during expiration.

Choice D rationale:

Pneumonia is an infection of the lung tissue and can cause productive cough, fever, and crackles on auscultation. While wheezing might occur in pneumonia due to inflammation and narrowing of the airways, it's not the most likely cause of the symptoms described in the scenario.