112.2 lb. = _____kg

A. Irritating cough. Opioid agonists do not typically cause an irritating cough. In fact, opioids like codeine are used as antitussives to suppress cough reflexes.
B. Tachypnea. Opioids depress the central nervous system, leading to respiratory depression rather than an increased respiratory rate (tachypnea). The nurse should monitor for bradypnea instead.
C. Hypertension. Opioids commonly cause hypotension due to vasodilation and central nervous system depression. Hypertension is not a typical adverse effect.
D. Urinary retention. Opioids can increase sphincter tone and suppress the urge to void, leading to urinary retention. This is a known side effect and should be monitored, especially in older adults or those with underlying bladder issues.

A. Due to a specific stimulus. Pain can occur with or without an identifiable stimulus. Conditions like neuropathic pain or phantom limb pain exist without an obvious external cause.
B. Caused by a single physiological situation. Pain can result from multiple factors, including tissue damage, nerve dysfunction, inflammation, and psychological influences. It is not limited to one specific physiological cause.
C. Universally the same for everyone. Pain perception varies widely between individuals due to differences in pain tolerance, cultural background, past experiences, and psychological state.
D. Subjective. Pain is defined as whatever the patient says it is, making it a subjective experience. It cannot be measured objectively, and the best indicator of pain is the patient’s self-report.