Hesi Biology Practice Test

The ABCD rule is a mnemonic used to identify the characteristics of melanoma, which is a type of skin cancer. The leters stand for:

A -Asymmetry: One half of the mole or lesion does not match the other half.

B - Border irregularity: The edges are ragged, notched, or blurred.

C - Color: The color is not uniform and may include different shades of brown or black, or sometimes patches of pink, red, white, or blue.

D - Diameter: The size of the mole or lesion is greater than 6 mm (about the size of a pencil eraser), although melanomas can sometimes be smaller.

This rule is not as useful in detecting other types of skin cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, or sarcoma, as they tend to have different characteristics. However, any new or changing mole or lesion on the skin should be examined by a dermatologist to determine if it is cancerous.

Hematoma formation occurs immediately after the bone is fractured. The blood vessels that have been damaged due to the fracture bleed and form a hematoma or a blood clot.

Next, callus formation begins, which involves the accumulation of fibrous tissue, cartilage, and new bone cells around the fracture site, forming a soft callus.

The soft callus then undergoes callus ossification, in which the fibrous tissue and cartilage are gradually replaced by hardened new bone tissue.

Finally, bone remodeling occurs, which involves the reshaping of the newly formed bone tissue to match the shape of the original bone, and the removal of any excess bone material.

Therefore, option b, hematoma formation, Callus formation, Callus ossification, Bone remodeling, is the correct sequence of repair as a fractured bone goes through the healing process.

Blood then carry them to target cells or organs throughout the body. Hormones are chemical messengers that help to regulate various physiological processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Unlike exocrine glands (option a), which secrete their products into ducts that carry them to external surfaces such as the skin or digestive tract, endocrine glands have no ducts and release their secretions directly into the circulatory system. Salivary glands (option d) are exocrine glands that secrete saliva into ducts leading to the mouth. Option b is also incorrect as it does not accurately describe endocrine glands.

Also known as platelets, are cell fragments in the blood that play a crucial role in blood clotting or coagulation. When a blood vessel is injured, thrombocytes are activated and clump together to form a platelet plug that stops the bleeding. They also release substances that promote blood clotting and help to repair the damaged blood vessel. Therefore, the function of thrombocytes is important in preventing excessive bleeding and promoting wound healing. Options a, c, and d are incorrect because they do not describe the function of thrombocytes.

The left ventricle of the heart normally has the thickest wall, which is composed mainly of cardiac muscle tissue (myocardium). The left ventricle has to generate enough force to pump oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body through systemic circulation, which requires greater muscular effort than the right ventricle, which pumps blood only to the lungs via pulmonary circulation. The thickness of the left ventricular wall ensures that it can withstand the pressure required to generate this forceful contraction.

After birth, blood is primarily produced in the red bone marrow of the infant. Red bone marrow is a spongy tissue found in the hollow centers of certain bones, such as the skull, ribs, pelvis, and long bones of the arms and legs. Red bone marrow is responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

In adults, some of the blood production shifts to other organs such as the spleen and liver. However, in infants, the red bone marrow is the main site of blood cell production until about 5 years of age when it begins to gradually transition to the other organs.

The xiphoid process is a small, cartilaginous extension located at the inferior end of the sternum (breastbone), which serves as an attachment site for certain abdominal muscles. The hyoid bone is a U- shaped bone located in the neck, not on the sternum. The ossa coxae are also known as the hip bones, which are in the pelvic region, not on the sternum. Sesamoid bones are small, rounded bones that are embedded within tendons and can be found in various locations throughout the body, but not necessarily on the sternum.

When the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, it activates the "fight or flight" response, which prepares the body for physical activity or stressful situations. This response includes several physiological changes, such as:

Increased heart rate and cardiac output: The sympathetic nervous system releases adrenaline and noradrenaline, which increase heart rate and cardiac output to provide more oxygen and nutrients to the muscles.

Decreased uterine activity: The sympathetic nervous system inhibits uterine contractions to prevent

premature labor.

Decreased pancreatic activity: The sympathetic nervous system inhibits insulin secretion and promotes glucagon secretion to increase blood glucose levels.

Decreased gastrointestinal activity: The sympathetic nervous system inhibits digestive functions to divert blood flow to the muscles.

The urethra is a tube that connects the bladder to the external environment and serves as a passageway for urine to exit the body during urination. In males, the urethra also serves as a passageway for semen to exit the body during ejaculation, making it a part of both the male reproductive system and the urinary system.

The other options listed are:

a. Ureter - a tube that connects the kidney to the bladder and is a part of the urinary system

c. Testes - the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and are a part of the male reproductive system

d. Epididymis - a tube that connects the testes to the vas deferens and is a part of the male reproductive system.

Eating large amounts of turnips and beets can lead to a condition called beeturia, which causes the urine and skin to turn a reddish or purplish color. This condition is harmless and is caused by the betalain pigments present in these vegetables. As a strict vegetarian, it is possible that the client consumes large amounts of these vegetables, which could explain the unusual skin color.

Rice and eggs, carrots and squash, spinach and mustard greens are not known to cause unusual skin color. However, it is important for the nurse to ask the client about her diet and any supplements she may be taking to beter understand the cause of the unusual skin color.