Hesi Biology Practice Test

A ball and socket joint is a type of synovial joint where the rounded head of one bone fits into the concave socket of another bone, allowing movement in multiple directions. The shoulder joint is a classic example of a ball and socket joint, where the rounded head of the humerus bone fits into the shallow socket of the scapula bone, allowing for a wide range of movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. The ankle joint is a hinge joint, the elbow joint is a hinge joint, and the knee joint is a complex hinge joint.

A hinge joint is a type of synovial joint that allows movement in only one plane, like a door hinge. The elbow joint is made up of the humerus bone in the upper arm, the ulna bone and the radius bone in the forearm. It allows flexion and extension movements, like the opening and closing of a hinge.

The ABCD rule is a mnemonic used to identify the characteristics of melanoma, which is a type of skin cancer. The leters stand for:

A -Asymmetry: One half of the mole or lesion does not match the other half.

B - Border irregularity: The edges are ragged, notched, or blurred.

C - Color: The color is not uniform and may include different shades of brown or black, or sometimes patches of pink, red, white, or blue.

D - Diameter: The size of the mole or lesion is greater than 6 mm (about the size of a pencil eraser), although melanomas can sometimes be smaller.

This rule is not as useful in detecting other types of skin cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, or sarcoma, as they tend to have different characteristics. However, any new or changing mole or lesion on the skin should be examined by a dermatologist to determine if it is cancerous.

Intramembranous ossification is a process of bone formation in which bone tissue forms directly within mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue membranes. This process is responsible for the formation of the flat bones of the skull, including the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal bones.

Long bones of the arms and legs, bones of the pelvic girdle, and vertebrae are formed by endochondral ossification, a different process of bone formation in which bone tissue replaces hyaline cartilage.

Also known as platelets, are cell fragments in the blood that play a crucial role in blood clotting or coagulation. When a blood vessel is injured, thrombocytes are activated and clump together to form a platelet plug that stops the bleeding. They also release substances that promote blood clotting and help to repair the damaged blood vessel. Therefore, the function of thrombocytes is important in preventing excessive bleeding and promoting wound healing. Options a, c, and d are incorrect because they do not describe the function of thrombocytes.

DNA is a double-stranded macromolecule made up of nucleotides that carry genetic information. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the genetic code, which controls the development and function of living organisms. Chromosomes are structures made up of DNA and proteins that carry genes. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. RNA, on the other hand, is a single-stranded macromolecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis by carrying genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

The ureters are long, narrow tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Each kidney has one ureter, which emerges from the renal pelvis (a funnel-shaped cavity in the kidney) and descends downward, passing behind the peritoneum and along the back of the abdominal cavity. The ureters then enter the bladder through small openings at the base of the bladder, where they join with the urethra, a tube that carries urine out of the body.

The malleus, incus, and stapes are three small bones, collectively known as the ossicles, located in the middle ear. These bones work together to transmit sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear, where they are converted into nerve impulses that are then sent to the brain. The malleus is attached to the eardrum, the incus is in between the malleus and the stapes, and the stapes is connected to the inner ear. Together, they form a chain that amplifies the sound waves and transmits them efficiently to the inner ear.

Hematoma formation occurs immediately after the bone is fractured. The blood vessels that have been damaged due to the fracture bleed and form a hematoma or a blood clot.

Next, callus formation begins, which involves the accumulation of fibrous tissue, cartilage, and new bone cells around the fracture site, forming a soft callus.

The soft callus then undergoes callus ossification, in which the fibrous tissue and cartilage are gradually replaced by hardened new bone tissue.

Finally, bone remodeling occurs, which involves the reshaping of the newly formed bone tissue to match the shape of the original bone, and the removal of any excess bone material.

Therefore, option b, hematoma formation, Callus formation, Callus ossification, Bone remodeling, is the correct sequence of repair as a fractured bone goes through the healing process.

After birth, blood is primarily produced in the red bone marrow of the infant. Red bone marrow is a spongy tissue found in the hollow centers of certain bones, such as the skull, ribs, pelvis, and long bones of the arms and legs. Red bone marrow is responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

In adults, some of the blood production shifts to other organs such as the spleen and liver. However, in infants, the red bone marrow is the main site of blood cell production until about 5 years of age when it begins to gradually transition to the other organs.